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What is quantum computing?

8 cited papers · March 16, 2026 · Powered by Researchly AI

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Quantum computing is a transformative field that emerged from quantum mechanics and computer science, gaining immense attention for its potential to revolutioni…

Quantum computing is a transformative field that emerged from quantum mechanics and computer science, gaining immense attention for its potential to revolutionize computation.¹²Shafique et al. (2024)¹It leverages quantum phenomena such as entanglement, superposition, and interference to provide substantial processing advantages over traditional classical computing.²Gill et al. (2024)²

1

Quantum Computing: Circuits, Algorithms, and ApplicationsMuhammad Ali Shafique, Arslan Munir et al.2024IEEE Access

2

Quantum Computing: Vision and ChallengesSukhpal Singh Gill, Oktay Cetinkaya et al.2024arXiv

Qubit — The fundamental unit of quantum information, analogous to a classical bit but capable of existing in superposition states, enabling quantum parallelism. Shafique et al. (2024)

¹

Superposition & Entanglement — Core quantum mechanical properties that allow qubits to represent multiple states simultaneously and to be correlated across distances, enabling exponential computational advantages.

²Gill et al. (2024)²

NISQ Era — The current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum phase, where quantum computers with 50–100 qubits can potentially surpass classical computers on certain tasks, but noise in quantum gates limits reliable circuit execution.

³Preskill (2018)³

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) — A set of active techniques introduced to mitigate the fragility of coherent quantum systems, essential for building large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computers.

⁴Devitt et al. (2013)⁴

1

Quantum Computing: Circuits, Algorithms, and ApplicationsMuhammad Ali Shafique, Arslan Munir et al.2024IEEE Access

2

Quantum Computing: Vision and ChallengesSukhpal Singh Gill, Oktay Cetinkaya et al.2024arXiv

3

Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyondJohn Preskill2018Quantum

4

Quantum error correction for beginnersSimon J. Devitt, William J. Munro et al.2013Reports on Progress in Physics

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Diagram

Classical Input
 |
 v
+------------------+
| Quantum Circuit |
| (Quantum Gates) |
| [Hadamard, CNOT,|
| Toffoli, etc.] |
+------------------+
 |
 v
+------------------+
| Qubit Register |
| (Superposition + |
| Entanglement) |
+------------------+
 |
 v
+------------------+
| Measurement |
| (Collapse to |
| Classical Bits) |
+------------------+
 |
 v
Classical Output

Quantum computers operate using quantum gates and circuits that manipulate qubits through superposition and entanglement, fundamentally differing from classical binary logic. Shafique et al. (2024)¹On the hardware side, superconducting qubits are leading candidates for building scalable quantum computers, with recent demonstrations of high-fidelity two-qubit gates and early NISQ algorithm implementations.²Kjaergaard et al. (2019)²

1

Quantum Computing: Circuits, Algorithms, and ApplicationsMuhammad Ali Shafique, Arslan Munir et al.2024IEEE Access

2

Superconducting Qubits: Current State of PlayMorten Kjaergaard, Mollie E. Schwartz et al.2019Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics

Table

Feature	Classical Computing	Quantum Computing
Basic Unit	Bit (0 or 1)	Qubit (superposition of 0 and 1)
Parallelism	Sequential/parallel threads	Quantum parallelism via superposition
Key Operations	Logic gates	Quantum gates (Hadamard, CNOT, etc.)
Current Limitation	Power/speed walls	Noise and decoherence

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Noise in quantum gates limits the size of quantum circuits that can be executed reliably, meaning even a 100-qubit quantum computer will not immediately transform real-world computation.¹Preskill (2018)²Truly scalable quantum systems require noise levels lower than are presently achieved, though moderate-complexity computations remain feasible in the NISQ era. Bharti et al. (2022)¹

1

Noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithmsKishor Bharti, Alba Cervera-Lierta et al.2022Reviews of Modern Physics

2

Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyondJohn Preskill2018Quantum

Quantum computing harnesses superposition, entanglement, and interference to solve problems intractable for classical computers.

¹Gill et al. (2024)¹

The NISQ era represents a significant but incremental step toward fully fault-tolerant quantum computing.

²Preskill (2018)²

Superconducting qubits are among the most advanced hardware platforms, showing promise for both near-term and long-term quantum computation.

³Kjaergaard et al. (2019)³

Quantum error correction is a critical theoretical and practical requirement for scaling quantum computers beyond the NISQ regime.

⁴⁵Devitt et al. (2013)⁴

1

Quantum Computing: Vision and ChallengesSukhpal Singh Gill, Oktay Cetinkaya et al.2024arXiv

2

Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyondJohn Preskill2018Quantum

3

Superconducting Qubits: Current State of PlayMorten Kjaergaard, Mollie E. Schwartz et al.2019Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics

4

Quantum error correction for beginnersSimon J. Devitt, William J. Munro et al.2013Reports on Progress in Physics

5

Noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithmsKishor Bharti, Alba Cervera-Lierta et al.2022Reviews of Modern Physics

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"Quantum supremacy experiments and benchmarking methods"
"Variational quantum algorithms for optimization and machine learning in NISQ devices"
"Quantum error correction codes: surface codes and fault-tolerant thresholds"

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