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Deep eutactic sopvents

5 cited papers · March 16, 2026 · Powered by Researchly AI

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of solvents characterized by a remarkable depression in melting point compared to their individual starting components…

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of solvents characterized by a remarkable depression in melting point compared to their individual starting components.1Abranches & Coutinho (2023)2

DESs have attracted significant research interest across multiple disciplines, including organic synthesis, electrochemistry, biocatalysis, pharmaceuticals, and extraction science.

1
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Application in Biosensor Development.Svigelj Rossella, Dossi Nicolò et al.2021Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
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2
Everything You Wanted to Know about Deep Eutectic Solvents but Were Afraid to Be ToldDinis O. Abranches, João A. P. Coutinho2023Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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  • Eutectic Mixture — A homogeneous system composed of two or more components whose combined melting point is significantly lower than that of either constituent material alone.
1Gurkan et al. (2019)2
  • Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) and Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) — The two primary components used to prepare DESs; mixing an HBA with an HBD (typically at ~80°C) produces the eutectic mixture.
  • Green Solvent Properties — DESs exhibit adjustable physicochemical properties, high thermal stability, low volatility, biodegradability, and water compatibility, making them attractive alternatives to conventional organic solvents. Calvo‐Flores & Mingorance-Sánchez (2021)
  • Pharmaceutical & Nutraceutical Applications — DESs containing bioactive compounds have been explored for therapeutic efficiency enhancement, with applications in drug delivery, nutraceuticals, and food science.
3
1
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Application in Biosensor Development.Svigelj Rossella, Dossi Nicolò et al.2021Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
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2
Metal-Free Deep Eutectic Solvents: Preparation, Physical Properties, and SignificanceBurcu Gurkan, Henry Squire et al.2019The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
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3
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fundamental Aspect, Characterizations and Applications.Dangre Pankaj V, Borase Harshada P et al.2023Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation
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Diagram
DES PREPARATION PIPELINE
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 [Component 1: HBA] [Component 2: HBD]
 e.g., Choline Chloride e.g., Glycerol / Urea
 │ │
 └──────────┬───────────────┘
 ▼
 [Mixing Method]
 - Heat-assisted stirring (~80°C)
 - Grinding
 - Freeze drying
 - Evaporation
 │
 ▼
 [Characterization]
 - FT-IR, TGA, DSC
 - Viscosity, Density
 - pH, Conductivity, UV-Vis
 │
 ▼
 [Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)]
 │
 ┌──────────┼──────────────┐
 ▼ ▼ ▼
 [Organic [Extraction [Biosensors /
 Synthesis] of Natural Electrochemistry]
 Materials]
DESs are synthesized by combining two or more components through methods such as heat-assisted mixing/stirring, grinding, freeze drying, and evaporation. A notable example is a quaternary DES (QDES) prepared using choline chloride, glycerol, l-arginine, and copper acetate, which was characterized by FT-IR, TGA, DSC, cyclic voltammetry, viscosity, density, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and applied as a dual solvent/catalyst for triazole and tetrazole synthesis under mild conditions. Golestanifar & Sardarian (2025) In organic synthesis, DESs have enabled one-pot multicomponent reactions with excellent yields and demonstrated recyclability with very little loss in activity over up to five recycles.1Pednekar et al. (2013)1
1
One-Pot Multi-component Synthesis of 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives in Biocompatible Deep Eutectic SolventsSuhas Pednekar, Rahul Bhalerao et al.2013arXiv
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Table
PropertyDESsConventional Ionic Liquids
PreparationSimple mixing, no purification neededComplex synthesis, purification required
CostLowHigh
BiodegradabilityMany are biodegradableOften limited
TunabilityHigh (adjustable physicochemical properties)Moderate
Biological CompatibilityCompatible with biological systemsOften toxic
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A critical concern is that numerous DESs reported thus far, particularly choline-based ones, lack sufficient sustainability-related traits to be genuinely considered green solvents, despite widespread claims to the contrary.1Additionally, safety and toxicity profiles of DESs need to be properly identified before their broad application in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, as a safe mixture must be developed to ensure negligible or minimal toxicity.2
1
Everything You Wanted to Know about Deep Eutectic Solvents but Were Afraid to Be ToldDinis O. Abranches, João A. P. Coutinho2023Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
View
2
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Application in Biosensor Development.Svigelj Rossella, Dossi Nicolò et al.2021Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
View
  • DESs are formed by combining an HBA and HBD, resulting in a significantly depressed melting point compared to either pure component.
1
  • DESs offer tunable polar environments, ease of synthesis, and no need for purification, making them attractive for diverse applications.
1
  • DESs have displaced ionic liquids in many research areas due to easier preparation, lower cost, and better biodegradability.
  • Recyclability of DESs has been demonstrated in organic synthesis with minimal loss of activity over multiple cycles.
2
  • Despite their promise, many choline-based DESs do not meet the full criteria for green solvents, and toxicity concerns remain an open challenge.
3
1
Metal-Free Deep Eutectic Solvents: Preparation, Physical Properties, and SignificanceBurcu Gurkan, Henry Squire et al.2019The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
View
2
One-Pot Multi-component Synthesis of 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives in Biocompatible Deep Eutectic SolventsSuhas Pednekar, Rahul Bhalerao et al.2013arXiv
View
3
Everything You Wanted to Know about Deep Eutectic Solvents but Were Afraid to Be ToldDinis O. Abranches, João A. P. Coutinho2023Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
View
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  1. "Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents: green solvent assessment and toxicity studies"
  2. "Deep eutectic solvents for polysaccharide and natural product extraction: optimization strategies"
  3. "Deep eutectic solvents as reaction media in multicomponent organic synthesis: recent advances"

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